Browse by Author "Ibrahim Musa Unal"
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- PublicationFunding the refugee crisis in Turkey: a case for social impact sukukIbrahim Musa Unal; Shamsher Mohamad Ramadili Mohd; Ziyaad Mahomed (Routledge, 2021)
The 20th century has generated a gradually intensifying refugee crisis that has amplified into an ongoing social crisis, especially since the Cold War in 1989. Civil wars, the internal conflict of countries, mass famine, and many faltering economic, political, and social institutions (US Mission to UN, Global Humanitarian Emergency 1995) contributed to this intensification. The host countries that receive these refugees bear the cost of managing the refugees at the expense of the country's economy (Mandel, 1997). Consequently, when countries face an impossible task of efficient control and maintenance of the livelihood of these refugees on a sustainable basis, they will impose restrictions on the refugee inflow, which has recently created a global crisis. Turkey is one good example of a country with a refugee crisis due to conflicts in Syria. By December 2019, the official number of Syrian refugees in Turkey reached 3,571,000, with an estimation of more than half a million unregistered refugees (Multeciler Dernegi, 2020). Almost every major city in Turkey is experiencing a refugee problem, and in some cities like Kilis, refugees comprise as high as 81% of the city's population. The refugee problem in Turkey is a good example of a long-standing social problem that the Turkish people have experienced at the expense of their economy and politics.
- PublicationIslamic social impact financing & the Syrian refugee crisis in TurkeyIbrahim Musa Unal; Ziyaad Mahomed (INCEIF, 2020)
Over the last few decades, refugee issues have been at the forefront of social issues globally, with Turkey leading the countries affected from migrant movements in recent years (UNHCR, 2020). Funding refugee camps and their fundamental needs such as education, healthcare, accommodation, employment and social needs are heavy burdens for host countries. The Turkish government spent more than $40 billion for Syrian refugees alone, since the conflict in Syria began, which is around 5% of the Turkish GDP (TRT News, 2019). For several reasons, including the obvious economic, financial and political impact, the refugee crisis in Turkey has become a significant challenge exacerbated by the recent reneging of the European decision to absorb a portion of refugees within their own borders. The further refusal of financial support from a previously agreed European commitment has caused significant pressure on the Turkish economy that has already been unsettled through political (infamous attempted coup) and economic shocks. The Turkish government is therefore in dire need of a financial solution that ensures the sanctity of its sovereignty, complies with its approach of prioritizing Islamic finance development and reduces internal economic impact derived from the demands of supporting millions of refugees fleeing from war.
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